The Dresden decorators covered these porcelain marks with a gold glaze, and then applied their own above-glaze mark: usually a blue crown. In most cases these blanks bore marks of the factories within which they were produced. These famous artists, including Carl Thieme, Helena Wolfsohn, Franziska Hirsch, and others, procured blanks from other factories and applied them with their own handpainting or sculpted embellishments. One important exception is the work of the Dresden porcelain studios, operating in the Saxon capital during the late nineteenth century. The latter was the more popular, so most European porcelain marks are cobalt blue underneath the glaze. For the first hundred years or so of porcelain production there were only two known pigments that could withstand the high firing temperature necessary: iron red and cobalt blue. Most porcelain marks on fine antique china, such as the Meissen marks, are "underglaze"-meaning, they were applied to the piece prior to firing.
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